Improve signature verification safeguards (#8959)

* Downcase signed_headers string before building the signed string

The HTTP Signatures draft does not mandate the “headers” field to be downcased,
but mandates the header field names to be downcased in the signed string, which
means that prior to this patch, Mastodon could fail to process signatures from
some compliant clients. It also means that it would not actually check the
Digest of non-compliant clients that wouldn't use a lowercased Digest field
name.

Thankfully, I don't know of any such client.

* Revert "Remove dead code (#8919)"

This reverts commit a00ce8c92c06f42109aad5cfe65d46862cf037bb.

* Restore time window checking, change it to 12 hours

By checking the Date header, we can prevent replaying old vulnerable
signatures. The focus is to prevent replaying old vulnerable requests
from software that has been fixed in the meantime, so a somewhat long
window should be fine and accounts for timezone misconfiguration.

* Escape users' URLs when formatting them

Fixes possible HTML injection

* Escape all string interpolations in Formatter class

Slightly improve performance by reducing class allocations
from repeated Formatter#encode calls

* Fix code style issues

1 files changed, 10 insertions, 6 deletions

diff --git a/app/lib/formatter.rb b/app/lib/formatter.rb
index 8b694536c..35d5a09b7 100644
--- a/app/lib/formatter.rb
+++ b/app/lib/formatter.rb
@@ -90,8 +90,12 @@ class Formatter
 
   private
 
+  def html_entities
+    @html_entities ||= HTMLEntities.new
+  end
+
   def encode(html)
-    HTMLEntities.new.encode(html)
+    html_entities.encode(html)
   end
 
   def encode_and_link_urls(html, accounts = nil, options = {})
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ class Formatter
         emoji     = emoji_map[shortcode]
 
         if emoji
-          replacement = "<img draggable=\"false\" class=\"emojione\" alt=\":#{shortcode}:\" title=\":#{shortcode}:\" src=\"#{emoji}\" />"
+          replacement = "<img draggable=\"false\" class=\"emojione\" alt=\":#{encode(shortcode)}:\" title=\":#{encode(shortcode)}:\" src=\"#{encode(emoji)}\" />"
           before_html = shortname_start_index.positive? ? html[0..shortname_start_index - 1] : ''
           html        = before_html + replacement + html[i + 1..-1]
           i          += replacement.size - (shortcode.size + 2) - 1
@@ -212,7 +216,7 @@ class Formatter
     return link_to_account(acct) unless linkable_accounts
 
     account = linkable_accounts.find { |item| TagManager.instance.same_acct?(item.acct, acct) }
-    account ? mention_html(account) : "@#{acct}"
+    account ? mention_html(account) : "@#{encode(acct)}"
   end
 
   def link_to_account(acct)
@@ -221,7 +225,7 @@ class Formatter
     domain  = nil if TagManager.instance.local_domain?(domain)
     account = EntityCache.instance.mention(username, domain)
 
-    account ? mention_html(account) : "@#{acct}"
+    account ? mention_html(account) : "@#{encode(acct)}"
   end
 
   def link_to_hashtag(entity)
@@ -239,10 +243,10 @@ class Formatter
   end
 
   def hashtag_html(tag)
-    "<a href=\"#{tag_url(tag.downcase)}\" class=\"mention hashtag\" rel=\"tag\">#<span>#{tag}</span></a>"
+    "<a href=\"#{encode(tag_url(tag.downcase))}\" class=\"mention hashtag\" rel=\"tag\">#<span>#{encode(tag)}</span></a>"
   end
 
   def mention_html(account)
-    "<span class=\"h-card\"><a href=\"#{TagManager.instance.url_for(account)}\" class=\"u-url mention\">@<span>#{account.username}</span></a></span>"
+    "<span class=\"h-card\"><a href=\"#{encode(TagManager.instance.url_for(account))}\" class=\"u-url mention\">@<span>#{encode(account.username)}</span></a></span>"
   end
 end